Article 6 The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people.
The system of socialist public ownership supersedes the system of exploitation of man by man; it applies the principle of 'from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.
Article 7 The state economy is the sector of socialist economy under ownership by the whole people; it is the leading force in the national economy. The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the sate economy.
Article 8 Rural people's communes, agricultural producers' cooperatives and other forms of cooperative economy, such as producers', supply and marketing, credit and consumers' cooperatives, belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by working people. Working people who are members of rural economic collectives have the right, within limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted to their private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately owned livestock.
The various forms of cooperative economy in the cities and towns, such as those in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial and service trades, all belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people.
The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the urban and rural economic collectives and encourages, guides and helps the growth of the collective economy.
Article 9 All mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches, and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception of the forest, mountains, grasslands and unreclaimed land and beaches that are owned by collectives in accordance with the law.
The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. Appropriation or damaging natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.
Article 10 Land in the cities is owned by the state.
Land in the rural and suburban areas is owned by collectives except for those portions which belong to the state in accordance with the law; house sites and privately farmed plots of cropland and hilly land are also owned by collectives.
The state may, in the public interest, requisition land for its use in accordance with the law.
No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or lease land or otherwise engage in the transfer of land by unlawful means.
All organizations and individuals using land must ensure its rational use.
Article 11 The individual economy of urban and rural working people, operating within the limits prescribed by law, is a complement to the socialist public economy. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the individual economy.
The state guides, assists and supervises the individual economy by administrative control.
Article 12 Socialist public property is inviolable.
The state protects socialist property. Appropriation or damaging of state or collective property by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.
Article 13 The state protects the right of citizens to own lawfully earned income, savings, houses and other lawful property.
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