Qinqiang Opera thrived during the reign of EmperorQianlong(1736-1795) when Qinqiang troupes were disseminated throughout the country; in North China's city ofXi'analone there were 36 Qinqiang troupes.
There are generally two kinds of arias in Qinqiang Opera: huan yin (joyous tune) and ku yin (sad tune). Each type is used in accordance with the plots and figures. The major accompanying instrument used is the ban hu (a stringed instrument), featuring a clear and melodious sound.
Qinqiang performances are characterized by a simple, bold, exquisite, and penetrating, yet exaggerated style. The roles are categorized into 13 types, namely, four types of sheng, six dan, two jing, and one chou.
The different dialects of various areas and types of folk music have contributed to slight differences in the opera itself in terms of pronunciation, aria, music, and so on, forming four major genres. In recent years, the major genre in and around Xi'an has played a dominant role in innovating and developing the art form.
Qinqiang Opera songs are sonorous, bold, and touching; its music is colorful and elegant; and its performances on the whole are plain, exquisite, and lively. Furthermore, it boasts such unique performing skills as spitting fire and hat dances by the performers.
However, since the 1980s, local operas have struggled for survival, despite their long history and cultural value. Sadly, Qinqiang Opera is no exception. Cultural specialists are working hard to preserve the art form; some have even proposed to enlist Qinqiang Opera as an "Intangible World Heritage."
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