Guan Hanqing is a leading dramatist of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) who walked out of the capital Dadu (present-day Beijing), but little biographical data on him exists. Some historical records show that he might be a doctor of the imperial hospital in the Yuan Dynasty. Guan Hanqing had intercourse with drama playwrights such as Yang Xianzhi, Liang Jinzhi and Fei Junxiang, etc.
A playwright of the Northern Drama, he is credited with more than 64 plays, of which some 15 have survived complete. His most famous work isDou E Yuan(Injustice to Dou E). Apart from his literary career, he was also said to have been a theatrical manager and sometime actor.
Guan Hanqing led a dissolute life, spending much time in places of low entertainment, yet he emerged as perhaps China's greatest playwright. Acknowledging his bohemian lifestyle, he called himself "the leader of all loafers in the country," and described himself as a "copper pea that cannot be crushed."
Dou E Yuanis based on a Han dynasty folk tale,A Filial Woman of Donghai. Guan Hanqing used the story as a framework for criticism of the evils of contemporary society. In her childhood, Dou E was sold to the Cai family to be brought up to marry their son. Soon after they married, her husband died. Dou E and her mother-in-law, who had also become widowed, were dependent on each other for survival. Zhang Luer, a local hoodlum, pressured the pair to marry him and his father, respectively. When the two women spurned his offer, Zhang Luer tried to poison Dou E's mother-in-law, but killed his own father by mistake. Zhang put the blame on Dou E. The muddle-headed local prefect had Dou E flogged, until she confessed to the murder Dou E was finally executed, and Zhang Luer got off scot-free.
Facing death, Dou E cried out, "The lives of the poor, though virtuous, are short, while the evil enjoy prosperous and long lives. It is unjust. Even Heaven and Earth bully the weak and fear the strong! The earth cannot tell good from evil, and Heaven has wronged an innocent person." Dou E's words expressed Guan Hanqing's noble spirit of not yielding to his own hard destiny. Most Yuan Dramas gave voice to repressed and indignant feelings -- a natural outcome of the fact that the playwrights were fully aware of the dark side of the society they lived in.
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