Chinese Musical Instruments
I. The Plucked String Instruments
1. The lute family
Pipa - four-stringed lute with 30 frets and
pear-shaped body. The instrumentalist holds the pipa upright and play
with five small plectra attached to each finger of
the right hand. The pipa history can be dated back at least 2,000 years and
developed from pentatonic to full scales. This instrument has extremely wide
dynamic range and remarkable expressive power.
Liuqin - a smaller version of pipa with four
strings, which sound similar to mandolin. Liuqin is played with a
piece of spectrum, and is used to be accompany instrument for folk songs and
local opera. However, in recent decades, Composer Wang Huiran made great
contribution to its making and composed many pieces such that the
liuqin also becomes a soloist instrument.
Sanxian - A long necked lute with three strings without
frets. In Chinese, "san" and "xian" stands for "three" and "strings",
respectively. The sound-body is made of round wooden box covered with snake
skin, just like erhu . A piece of plectrum is used to play the
instrument. This instrument is often used for accompanying folk songs and local
opera. The sanxian is most popular in the north.
Ruan - very ancient four-stringed moon-shaped lute with long
and straight neck and various number of frets, dated back at least to Qin
Dynasty (around 200 BC). Ruan is used to be called "p'i-p'a" (pipa) or
qin-pipa. Since the introduction of the odd-like lute through the "silk-road" in
the early Tang Dynasty (around 5th century), the pipa gradually developed into
the present form, and the old form of pipa with straight-neck and round body got
the name "Ruan", after the name of the master player of this instrument, Ruan
Xian who was one of the seven great scholars known as "The Seven Gentlemen" in
Chinese history of the 3rd century (the Six Dynasties). Ruan Xian refused to
serve the tyrant emperor Sima, and preferred to live as truly artist. He was
persecuted. Just before execution, he performed his famous composition "Guang
Ling San" in front of his students and friends to encourage them and to bit
farewell. The Ruan is mostly used for Peking opera, and now also in
modern Chinese orchestra. There are family of ruan of various size including
"Zhong Ruan" (middle Ruan) and "Da Ruan" (large Ruan) used in the same sense as
viola and cello in western orchestra.
Yueqin - moon-shaped lute with shorter neck and four
strings, played with a spectrum, used for accompanying local operas. "Yue"
stands for "the moon" in Chinese.
2. The zither family
Guqin - seven-stringed zither without bridges, the most
classical Chinese instrument with over 3000 years of history. It is literally called qin yet commonly known as
"guqin" where "gu" stands for ancient. Confucius (around 600 BC) was a master of
this instrument. To learn to play qin used to be regarded as a very important
element for education for the purpose of enriching the heart and elevating human
spirit. In Imperial China, a scholars and ladies of the high society were
expected to master the four arts, namely, the qin (guqin), qi
(weiqi or Go), shu (Calligraphy), and hua (painting). The guqin has
historically been regarded as the symbol of Chinese high culture. Unfortunately
only small number of people in China could play the instrument, because
classical musical education of this kind has never reached general public. The
situation for today has not been improved much, which is a shame. The situation
for lute pipa was similar. Due to this reason, a lot of ancient repertoire were
lost with the pass-away of masters or the written scores were burned or
destroyed in war or turmoil. However, the guqin repertoire has been better
preserved than all other instruments.
Zheng or Guzheng - Chinese zither with movable
bridges and 16 - 25 strings. In the same family there are the Japanese koto, the
Vietnamese dan tranh and the Korean kayagum
3. The harp family
Konghou - One of the most ancient Chinese music
instruments that appeared in written texts of the Spring and Autumn period (around 600 BC). The structure of the konghou
looks similar to the harp, however, with its bridges spanning the strings in the
way similar to guzheng. There were the wo-konghou (horizontal
konghou), su-konghou (vertical konghou) and phoenix-head
konghou. Unfortunately not much of this ancient instrument has been preserved.
The reproduction of the konghou started in the mid 50's. The structure
of Today's konghou is a combination of su-konghou and
wo-konghou with the shape similar to harp. The performing skill is
diversified. Besides right-hand techniques, the left hand can play vibratos,
glissandos, etc. The tone quality is mellow and graceful and has a typical
Chinese flavour.
II. The Bowed String Instruments:
The huqin family
Erhu - or Er-Hu, a two-stringed fiddle, is
one of the most popular Chinese instruments in the Hu-qin family, where
Hu means "foreign" or "the northern folk" in Chinese.
Zhong-Hu: If we call the "Erhu" Chinese violin, the
Zhong-Hu is then the Chinese viola, where "Zhong" stands for "middle",
thus the abbreviated name for the mid-pitched Erhu. It was developed on the
basis of Erhu in the 1940s. Both the structure and performing skill of
these two kinds of Hu-Qin are quite the same, yet Zhong-Hu has a
deeper-sounding timbre but not as agile. Being more suitable for singing
melodies (particularly some Mongolian melodies), Zhong-Hu is thus often
used as tutti or accompanying instruments, sometimes for solo too.
Jing-Hu: Principally used as accompanying instrument for
Beijing Opera, Jing-Hu is another important two-stringed fiddle in the
Huqin family. It was developed in the Qin Dynasty (around 1790), which
is often called the Hu-Qin. The pitch of Jing-Hu is the
highest among all instruments of the Hu-Qin family. Due to its forceful
and clarion timbre, Jing-Hu is suitable almost exclusively for Beijing
opera.
Ban-Hu: Ban-Hu has many other names such as
Pang-Hu, Qin-Hu, Hu-Hu and Da-Xian, etc. It is the leading
accompanying instrument for Bang-Zi and other northern tunes or
ballads, particularly for the local operas in Henan Province, central China.
Similar to Jing-Hu, the timbre of Ban-Hu is clarion and
bright, which makes it hard to join other instruments for tutti. Therefore it's
usually for solo, especially for presenting joyful and passionate moods.
Gao-Hu: Gao-Hu, also called High-pitched
Erhu or Yue-Hu, is especially designed for playing Cantonese
folk melodies and operas. Gao-Hu is often used for performing vivid and brisk
rhythms, particularly for higher-pitched tunes that Erhu cannot play. In
comparison with Erhu, Gao-Hu has louder volume yet brighter
tones, and thus it servers both as solo and leading instrument in performing
Cantonese operas and folk melodies.
Sihu: four stringed huqin used for accompanying local opera,
most commonly found in the North, such as Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia. It
is one of the three leading instruments (together with dizi,
yangqin) in "Er Ren Tai" of Inner Mongolia. "Si" stands for "four" in
Chinese. The structure is similar to Erhu except it has four strings.
The horse-hair of the bow is divided into two group that go between the four
strings.
Horse-headed qin (Ma Tou Qin): The horse-headed qin or
horse-headed violin is a typical Mongolian bowed instrument with two strings,
however, very different from Er-Hu . The horse hair of the bow doesn't
go between the two strings, instead, the instrument and the way of playing is
more similar to cello than to erhu. The instrument was originally made from a
horse head for the body, horse skin for the resonator, and horse hair for the
strings and bow. The music played upon this instrument is of great variety and
virtuosity. Much of the music typically sounds like human voice, and can imitate
a horse to such an extent as real such as galloping horse, the whinnying, etc.
The modern horse-headed qin has a wooden body and soundboard, 2 horse hair
strings, and has a rich warm tone and very beautiful sound. The peghead is
decorated with a detailed carving of a horse's head.
III. Hammered string instruments
- Yang-Qin or Chinese dulcimer
Yangqin is a Chinese hammered dulcimer with a
near-squared soundboard. The instrument is very similar to Satur, play with two
bamboo sticks.
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