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Chinese Papercuts
Papercuts refer to handicrafts made by
cutting paper with scissors to form different patterns and pasting them on
walls, windows, doors and ceilings. With their long history, papercuts, which
originated in China, have been very popular among the ordinary people of China.
The first papercut can be traced back to the Northern and Southern Dynasties
(386-581) period. The initiation and spread of papercuts had a close
relationship with Chinese rural festivals. People pasted papercuts on walls,
windows and doors at wedding ceremonies or festivals to enhance the festive
atmosphere.
Chinese papercuts are rich in content. The auspicious
designs symbolize good luck and the avoidance of evil. The child, lotus and
bottle gourd designs suggest a family with a large number of children and
grandchildren. Domestic birds, livestock, fruit, fish and worms are also
familiar objects depicted by Chinese farmers. There are some special papercuts
of traditional design used as patterns for embroidering clothes, shoes, hats,
pillows, bed curtains and door curtains. Papercuts made in different areas have
different characteristics. Shaanxi window papercuts are simple and bold;
papercuts from Hebei Province and Shanxi Province are bright in color; papercuts
in southern provinces are delicate and fine.
Although papercuts are simple to make, their
themes reveal many local Chinese customs. Papercuts typically demonstrate the
preferred aesthetics of shape and the artistic concepts behind Chinese folk
handicrafts. An understanding and scrutiny of papercuts is a good beginning to
getting to know and appreciate the complexity of Chinese folk arts.
The art forms are mainly used as decorations and
patterns for religious and ornamental purposes. Papercuts can also be used as
ornaments on gates, windows, walls, columns, mirrors, lamps and lanterns. They
are still widely used today at important festivals, especially during the New
Year. It is very important to put papercuts at the entrance gates for good luck
for the family. Papercuts can also serve as presents or as decorations on gifts
and sacrificial offerings to the ancestors or gods. In addition, they can be
used as embroidery patterns for clothes and lacquer works.
As an art, folk papercuts imitate nature in
the shape of characters, symbols and other designs. Various paper objects were
buried with the deceased or burned with other symbolic figures of the dead. This
practice is still observed in some parts of China.
Paper and scissors are the usual materials
utilized, but sometimes an engraving knife is used. Papercuts are all hand-made.
There are two common practices for making papercuts: scissors- and knife-cutting
techniques. In the first technique, about eight paper strips are fastened
together to form a pattern. The artist cuts the motif with a pair of sharp,
pointed scissors to attain the desired pattern. Knife cutting, on the other
hand, is where the artist puts several layers of paper on a relatively soft
foundation consisting of a mixture of tallow and ashes. The artist then holds a
sharp knife vertically and cuts the motif out of the paper by following a
pattern. More papercuts are made with the knife-cutting technique rather than
scissors since it is less time consuming.
In Chinese folk culture, the art of paper
cutting has a significant status in folk activities. Professional paper-cutting
craftsmen have been around as early as the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279).
Papercutting was once a handicraft that every native girl mastered. Paper-cut
craftsmanship was often used to select brides-to-be. Currently, papercutting
craftsmanship is mostly evident among
countrywomen.
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