Quyi is a
general name for a variety of speaking and singing arts. It became a special art
genre after undergoing a long period of development and evolution from oral
literature and songs. The origin of Quyi goes way back in China's long
history. In ancient times, both storytelling and comic performances containing
elements of Quyi were widespread among common people, while the most
talented artists performed songs, dances and comedy routines, accompanied by the
music of stringed instruments, in the palaces of the rulers and the mansions of
the nobility. By the Tang Dynasty (618-907), stories old and new flowed from
storytellers' lips. Then tales from Buddhist scriptures, which were very
popular, were added and sung to the prevalent folk tunes. All this gave impetus
to the development of the storytelling and singing arts. From then on,
Quyi, as an independent art form, took shape.
By the Song Dynasty (960-1279), the
development of trade and the growth of cities and urban populations gave rise to
the emergence of special venues for the performance of storytelling, and
professional artists appeared on the scene. Various kinds of Quyi art
forms began to flourish. From the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911)
dynasties to the early days of the Republic, the embryo of the capitalist
economy and the increasing growth of cities greatly promoted advances in the
arts of storytelling and singing and gradually formed today's Quyi art
system.
Researches show that there are about 400
forms of Quyi, popular in different parts of China. Each has its own
background, but they have original folk features, a broad mass basis and similar
artistic characteristics. Their common features are as follows:
First, they take speaking and
singing as their main artistic modes of expression. Therefore, their language
must be lively, precise, simple and colloquial, suitable for speaking and
singing, and easy to memorize and recite fluently. Second, unlike plays or operas, where
the artists' costumes express fixed roles, a Quyi item usually needs only
one or two performers, who may take several roles each. Quyi arts have
the special feature of being simple and effortless to prepare for performances.
Third, the convenient staging enables Quyi artists to reflect social life
more directly than other forms of art. The contents of their repertories are
generally short and elegant, and the artists usually compose, edit and design
the items themselves. Fourth, as Quyi arts take speaking and singing as
the major mediums, the artists have to stimulate the audience' aural sense with
their words and songs so as to inspire them to conjure up images. Their artistic
creations are completed with the participation of the audience's imaginations.
Fifth, in order to give a beautiful artistic impression and create a sense of
intimacy with the audience, the artists should have strong skills in speaking,
acting and singing, and outstanding powers of imitation
In a word, the artistic characteristics of
the several hundred types of Quyi are quite similar in some respects, but
in addition to their common features, each of them has its own special feature
and exists independently. Also, each artist has his or her own special skill
even to create his or her own school. Even if they belong to the same school,
each will have his or her own specific style, which constantly injects vigor
into the art of Quyi.