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Pipa (Lute)
The earliest form of pipa known appeared in the
Qin Dynasty (221-207BC). It had a long neck, leather surface and circular sound
box, and was held upright. Around the time the Qin was succeeded by the Han
Dynasty, this instrument underwent a number of modifications and it evolved into
the ruan, qinqin , three-string, yueqin , etc. All
these forms of the pipa had the common characteristics of a straight
neck and circular sound box. The crooked neck was in fashion from the time of
the Wei Dynasty to that of the Tang Dynasty. Similar instruments, such as the
guizi pipa, five-string and hulei were all-semi-pear-shaped, and were
all referred to as "huqin ".
From the Tang and Song dynasties, the pipa underwent unceasing
development, until it attained the form it has today: a semi-pear-shaped sound
box, paulownia-wood top board, the neck curved backwards, "xiang" and "pin"
frets on the body and neck, four strings and four- or five-octave intervals. Two
major changes which took place in the course of the pipa's evolution
were the practice of holding the instrument upright instead of horizontally
while playing it, and the use of five fingers to pluck the strings, instead of
using a plectrum. In the 20th century, through the unremitting efforts of a
large number of performing artists and composers, a plethora of techniques and
compositions has emerged, with the result that the pipa is now one of
China's most important national instruments for solo, accompaniment and ensemble
recital. Leading modern pipa artists are Li Tingsong, Wei Zhongyue, Liu
Dehai and Lin Shicheng.
The long-time history endowed pipa a rich collection of scores and a
mature performing technique. Some of the most noteworthy pipa works
are:
Surrounded on All Sides, also known as The State of
Han Conquers the State of Chu . The score first appeared in a collection of
Pipa Scores of 1819. The Sunny Hall Collection of the Ming
Dynasty contains a graphic account of the pipa master Yang Yingceng
performing this piece, which belongs to the genre known as "martial suites". Its
background is the struggle between Liu Bang, king of the State of Han, and Xiang
Yu, king of the State of Chu, and specifically the final battle between them at
Gaixia in 202. The work lauds the victor, Liu Bang. Surrounded on All
Sides gives full play to all the pipa techniques - rubbing, plucking,
pushing, sweeping, etc., and the music is imbued with the stirring flavor of
battle and heroism. Its narrative structure is divided into three parts: (1)
Battle preparations, which is again divided into setting up camp, striking up
the band, mustering the officers, forming ranks and marching off; (2) The
battlefield, which is again divided into the ambush, the engagement at Cockcrow
Hill and the battle of Mount Jiuli; and (3 the conclusion, which is divided into
the defeat of Xiang Yu's army, suicide by the River Wu, the victory
celebrations, the exploits of the generals, and the returning to camp in
triumph.
The Overlord Doffs His Armor also describes the battle of Gaixia,
but while Surrounded on All Sides is a paean of praise to the
victorious Liu Bang, The Overlord Doffs His Armor stresses the agony of
the defeat suffered by Xiang Yu, king of Western Chu. Hence, the popular saying:
The successful play Surrounded on All Sides , while the unsuccessful
play The Overlord Doffs His Armor . With the message that heroism
cannot be judged on the basis of success or failure, the latter piece of music
uses mournful measures to portray the distress of Xiang Yu, the greatest hero of
his time. These two complementary works are representative of the "martial
suite" pipa genre.
The score of The Sunny Spring Classic, or Sunny
Spring Snow , first appeared in the New Scores of 13 Daqu Pipa Suites
of the Northern and Southern Schools , in 1895,
edited by Li Fangyuan of the Qing Dynasty. It belongs to the "literary suite"
genre. Its composition is succinct and its mood is sprightly, and its contains
variations within an overall unity. It conveys the romantic and uplifting
feeling of spring scenery.
The score of Flutes and Drums at Sunset, first appeared in a
manuscript by Wu Wanqing in 1875. It is included in the New Scores of 13
Daqu Pipa Suites of the Northern and Southern Schools . The structure
includes a lengthy 10 parts. It is an elegant and charmingly lyrical piece of
music. The first section is an introduction, which describes boats bobbing on
the river at sunset while flutes and drums play in harmony. The gentle plucking
of the pipa's strings is made to sound like the tapping of drums, while twanging
them gives the impression of undulating flute notes. The whole presents an
enchanting picture of a tranquil autumn evening by a river with boats, and the
moon starting to rise.
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