Scroll painting is a kind of artistic
work by painting on paper or silk. From the Warring States Period (475-221BC) to
the period before the Opium War (1644-1840) in the Qing Dynasty, Chinese
painting had come a long way during the 2,000 years, and its style had also
experienced many changes. Characters in Human Reining Dragon and
Dragon, Phoenix
and Beauties, silk paintings of the Chu State in the Warring States Period, are very vivid. Though they are not
scroll paintings in the real sense, the high artistic level of that period is
still appreciable. In the silk paintings and Daoyin Tu unearthed in the
Mawangdui Han (206BC-220AD) tombs, people can read from their elegant
composition that paintings of that period had reached a very high level. The
Three Kingdoms Period (220-280), the Jin Dynasty (265-420) and the Southern and
Northern Dynasties (386-589) are very important periods of Chinese painting
history. Although there were wars and many dynastic changes during this period,
active intellectual life of different schools provided a great impetus to
artistic development. Well-known grotto murals, tomb paintings, stone carvings,
brick carvings and lacquer paintings were produced during that period, and a
number of virtuosos emerged in Chinese calligraphy and painting. Gu Kaizhi,
known as the founder of traditional Chinese painting, and his scroll paintings,
represented the painting style of the period. Gu also made great contribution in
summarizing painting theories. His theoretical works included Painting
Thesis and Notes on Painting the Yuntai Mountain. His Graphic
Theory later became a basic theory for traditional Chinese painting.
According to historical records, Gu created more than 70 paintings based on
historical stories, Buddha, human figures, birds, animals, mountains and rivers.
His three existing scroll paintings are Nvshi Zhen Painting, Luoshen
Appraisal Painting and Lienv Renzhi Painting, which are the earliest
examples of scroll paintings.
In the Sui and Tang Dynasties
(581-907) Chinese painting reached a peak. Although fresco was still the
mainstream with praiseworthy works, scroll painting was rising. Because it was
easy to carry and enjoy, it quickly became popular. Paintings in the Tang
Dynasty gained all-around development. The painting saga Wu Daozi made great
contribution to figure painting and landscape painting. Five Cattle
Picture by Hanhuang of the Tang Dynasty represents the high level of
horse-and-cattle paintings then. In Five Dynasties (907-960), scroll painting
changed its style. In North China, Jin Hao and Guan Tong founded magnificent and enchanting full-view
landscape painting. In South China, Jiangnan
School, represented by Dong Yuan
and Ju Ran, were good at exhibiting peaceful and natural scenery of Jiangnan
area (south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze
River). This style became popular in the late Yuan
Dynasty (1279-1368), and exerted a significant influence to the development of
Chinese painting.
Scroll painting was the main form of Chinese
painting in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, stressing the technique of using
ink. Zhao Mengfu and the Four Great Masters of the Yuan Dynasty put the theory
into practice. Their artistic achievement promoted the development of Chinese
painting and played a decisive role to the formation of theory as well as
practice at that time. Many schools of Chinese painting emerged in the Ming
Dynasty (1368-1644), each with their own systematic theory. The school of literary-freehand-brushwork landscape painting (wenren xieyi
shuimo hua) represented by Wumen School became a new
trend. Its landscape painting focused on emotional appeal and quiet elegance,
while its flower-and-bird painting focused on innovation and variation, which
had great influence on later generations. The theory of Scholar Painting
(wenren hua) proposed by Dong Qichang in later period of the Ming Dynasty
had far-reaching repercussions to the style of landscape painting in the Qing
Dynasty. Having inherited the tradition of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the
Scholar Painting became the mainstream gradually. Landscape painting and
freehand-brushwork wash painting (shuimo xieyi hua) were popular.
Influenced by Scholar Painting, more and more painters began to pursue the
emotional appeal of painting. The Four Kings in the early Qing Dynasty became
the orthodox school because of the high regard from royalty, and they stressed
on force and skill. At the same time, the Four Monks and Jingling School led by Gong Xian also had great
influence in Jiangnan area. Proposing to express the individuality, their style
was novel and special. The rising of Yangzhou School in the early Qing Dynasty was like the
coming out of revolution. They preferred plum flowers, orchid, bamboo and
chrysanthemum as subjects and the technique of splashed-ink. They had profound
influence on the flower-and-bird painting of the modern times.
Chinese ancient painting was of long history
and unique style. After thousands of years' changes and improvement, it has rich
ethical style and distinctive character of the times. There are not many scroll
paintings left for us to recall the traditional
culture.